XML namespaces provide a simple method for qualifying element and attribute names used in Extensible Markup Language documents by associating them with namespaces. Page i GAO04261SP Appropriations LawVol. I Foreword We are pleased to present the third edition of Volume I of Principles of Federal Appropriations Law, commonly. The 1 Grammar and Punctuation Resources Website English grammar rules, capitalization, punctuation, whom, whomever, whoever, writing numbers, apostrophe, and The. Acknowledgements People who search for grammar books are looking for a map to an unknown land. They are pirates, astronauts, crazy adventurers bent on discovering an. Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for MLA, APA and ChicagoTurabian citation styles. Now supports 7th edition of MLA. Nouns. In love with nouns We also have sections on. Plural forms of nouns. Possessive forms of nouns. An exercise in recognizing nouns. Count versus non count nouns. An exercise in categorizing count and non count nouns. Compound nouns and adjectivesRaindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens. Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens. Brown paper packages tied up with strings. These are a few of my favorite nouns. Cream colored ponies and crisp apple streudels. Doorbells and sleigh bells and schnitzel with noodles. Wild geese that fly with the moon on their wings. These are a few of my favorite nouns. WMFtLcC69W4.jpg' alt='Basic Grammar In Use Third Edition' title='Basic Grammar In Use Third Edition' />Girls in white dresses with blue satin sashes. Snowflakes that stay on my nose and eyelashes. Silver white winters that melt into springs. These are a few of my favorite nouns. When the dog bites. When the bee stings. When Im feeling sad. I simply remember my favorite nouns. And then I dont feel so bad. Apologies to Oscar Hammerstein II,lyricist of My Favorite Thingsfrom The Sound of Music. Definition. A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A proper noun, which names a specific person, place, or thing Carlos, Queen Marguerite, Middle East, Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism, God, Spanish, Buddhism, the Republican Party, is almost always capitalized. A proper noun used as an addressed persons name is called a noun of address. Common nouns name everything else, things that usually are not capitalized. A group of related words can act as a single noun like entity within a sentence. A Noun Clause contains a subject and verb and can do anything that a noun can do What he does for this town is a blessing. A Noun Phrase, frequently a noun accompanied by modifiers, is a group of related words acting as a noun the oil depletion allowance the abnormal, hideously enlarged nose. There is a separate section on word combinations that become Compound Nouns such as daughter in law, half moon, and stick in the mud. Categories of Nouns. Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings mass nouns or non count nouns, which name something that cant be counted water, air, energy, blood and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items jury, team, class, committee, herd. We should note that some words can be either a count noun or a non count noun depending on how theyre being used in a sentence He got into trouble. He had many troubles. Experience non count is the best teacher. We had many exciting experiences countable in college. Whether these words are count or non count will determine whether they can be used with articles and determiners or not. We would not write He got into the troubles, but we could write about The troubles of Ireland. Some texts will include the category of abstract nouns, by which we mean the kind of word that is not tangible, such as warmth, justice, grief, and peace. Abstract nouns are sometimes troublesome for non native writers because they can appear with determiners or without Peace settled over the countryside. The skirmish disrupted the peace that had settled over the countryside. See the section on Plurals for additional help with collective nouns, words that can be singular or plural, depending on context. Forms of Nouns. Nouns can be in the subjective, possessive, and objective case. The word case defines the role of the noun in the sentence. Is it a subject, an object, or does it show possession The English professor subject is tall. He chose the English professor object. The English professors possessive car is green. Nouns in the subject and object role are identical in form nouns that show the possessive, however, take a different form. Usually an apostrophe is added followed by the letter s except for plurals, which take the plural s ending first, and then add the apostrophe. See the section on Possessives for help with possessive forms. There is also a table outlining the cases of nouns and pronouns. Almost all nouns change form when they become plural, usually with the simple addition of an s or es. Unfortunately, its not always that easy, and a separate section on Plurals offers advice on the formation of plural noun forms. Assaying for NounsBack in the gold rush days, every little town in the American Old West had an assayers office, a place where wild eyed prospectors could take their bags of ore for official testing, to make sure the shiny stuff theyd found was the real thing, not fools gold. We offer here some assay tests for nouns. There are two kinds of tests formal and functional what a word looks like the endings it takes and how a word behaves in a sentence. Formal Tests. Does the word contain a noun making morpheme Can the word take a plural making morpheme Can the word take a possessive making morphemeFunction Tests. Doom 1 Psp. Without modifiers, can the word directly follow an article and create a grammatical unit subject, object, etc. Can it fill the slot in the following sentence The seems all right. Testing the Tests With most nouns, the test is clear. State, for example, can be a plural states, become a possessive states, follow an article athe state, and fit in the slot the state seems all right. It doesnt have a noun making morpheme, but it passes all the other tests it can pass as a noun. The fact that state can also be a verb We state our case is not relevant. Greyness cannot take plural ending nor can it be possessive, but it does contain a noun making morphene and it can follow an article and fit in the slot sentence. Can the word grey, which is obviously also an adjective, be a noun Its hard to imagine it passing any of the formal tests, but it can follow an article and fill the slot The grey seems acceptable. And what about running, which is often part of a verb He is running for officeAgain, it wont pass the formal tests, but it will fit the slot sentence Running is all right. It can also follow an article, but in rather an odd way The running is about to begin. Grey and running are nouns, but just barely one is an adjective acting like a noun, and the other is a verb acting like a noun a gerund. Additional Help With Nouns. A simple exercise in Naming Nouns will help answer any questions you might have about count and non count nouns and help you distinguish between plural and singular forms. The categories of count and non count nouns can be confusing, however, and we suggest further review, especially for writers for whom English is a second language. The second section we offer is called Count and Non Count, a basic review of those concepts and their uses in sentences, with many examples. Third, we offer WORKING WITH NOUNS, a more extensive and somewhat more advanced review of the count and non count distinction, along with exercises. Finally, just when you thought you couldnt stand such riches, we suggest you review the uses of Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers with count and non count nouns.